Bromhidrosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology (2024)

  1. He J, Wang T, Dong J. A close positive correlation between malodor and sweating as a marker for the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis with botulinum toxin A. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011 Jul 31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  2. Guillet G, Zampetti A, Aballain-Colloc ML. Correlation between bacterial population and axillary and plantar bromidrosis: study of 30 patients. Eur J Dermatol. 2000 Jan-Feb. 10(1):41-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  3. Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Holzle E, Labows JN, Kligman AM. The microbiology of the human axilla and its relationship to axillary odor. J Invest Dermatol. 1981 Nov. 77(5):413-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  4. Lindsay SL, Holmes S, Corbett AD, Harker M, Bovell DL. Innervation and receptor profiles of the human apocrine (epitrichial) sweat gland: routes for intervention in bromhidrosis. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Sep. 159(3):653-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  5. Natsch A, Derrer S, Flachsmann F, Schmid J. A broad diversity of volatile carboxylic acids, released by a bacterial aminoacylase from axilla secretions, as candidate molecules for the determination of human-body odor type. Chem Biodivers. 2006 Jan. 3(1):1-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  6. Spielman AI, Sunavala G, Harmony JA, et al. Identification and immunohistochemical localization of protein precursors to human axillary odors in apocrine glands and secretions. Arch Dermatol. 1998 Jul. 134(7):813-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  7. Zeng C, Spielman AI, Vowels BR, Leyden JJ, Biemann K, Preti G. A human axillary odorant is carried by apolipoprotein D. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jun 25. 93(13):6626-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  8. Sato T, Sonoda T, Itami S, Takayasu S. Predominance of type I 5alpha-reductase in apocrine sweat glands of patients with excessive or abnormal odour derived from apocrine sweat (osmidrosis). Br J Dermatol. 1998 Nov. 139(5):806-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  9. Mao GY, Yang SL, Zheng JH. Cause of axillary bromidrosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Feb. 123(2):81e-82e. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  10. Mao GY, Yang SL, Zheng JH. Etiology and management of axillary bromidrosis: a brief review. Int J Dermatol. 2008 Oct. 47(10):1063-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  11. Nakano M, Miwa N, Hirano A, Yoshiura K, Niikawa N. A strong association of axillary osmidrosis with the wet earwax type determined by genotyping of the ABCC11 gene. BMC Genet. 2009 Aug 4. 10:42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  12. Shang D, Zhang X, Sun M, Wei Y, Wen Y. Strong association of the SNP rs17822931 with wet earwax and bromhidrosis in a Chinese family. J Genet. 2013. 92(2):289-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  13. Mancini M, Panasiti V, Devirgiliis V, Pietropaolo V, Fioriti D, Nicosia R, et al. Bromhidrosis induced by sphingomonas paucimobilis: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009 Jul-Sep. 22(3):845-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  14. Michaud T, Tack B. [Laser hair removal]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2009 Oct. 136 Suppl 6:S330-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  15. Helou J, Haber R, Kechichian E, Tomb R. A case of generalized bromhidrosis following whole-body depilatory laser. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2015. Vol 17(6):318-20.

  16. Helou J, Habre M, Soutou B, Maatouk I, Ibrahim T, Tomb R. Reversibility of hyperhidrosis post axillary depilatory laser. Lasers Med Sci. 2014 Mar. Vol 29(2):717-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  17. Eun HC, Kim KH, Lee YS. Unusual body odour due to a nasal foreign body in a child. J Dermatol. 1984 Oct. 11(5):501-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  18. Golding IM. An unusual cause of bromidrosis. Pediatrics. 1965 Nov. 36(5):791-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  19. Katz HP, Katz JR, Bernstein M, Marcin J. Unusual presentation of nasal foreign bodies in children. JAMA. 1979 Apr 6. 241(14):1496. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  20. Lucky AW. Acquired bromhidrosis in an 8-year-old boy secondary to a nasal foreign body. Arch Dermatol. 1991 Jan. 127(1):129. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  21. Moriarty RA. Nasal foreign body presenting as an unusual odor. Am J Dis Child. 1978 Jan. 132(1):97-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  22. Miranda-Sivelo A, Bajo-Del Pozo C, Fructuoso-Castellar A. Unnecessary surgical treatment in a case of olfactory reference syndrome. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 Nov-Dec. 35(6):683.e3-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  23. Bang YH, Kim JH, Paik SW, Park SH, Jackson IT, Lebeda R. Histopathology of apocrine bromhidrosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996 Aug. 98(2):288-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  24. Sánchez-Carpintero I, Martín-Gorgojo A, Ruiz-Rodríguez R. Microwave Treatment for Axillary Hyperhidrosis and Bromhidrosis. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2017 Jun. 108 (5):418-422. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  25. Nestor MS, Park H. Safety and Efficacy of Micro-focused Ultrasound Plus Visualization for the Treatment of Axillary Hyperhidrosis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014 Apr. 7 (4):14-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  26. Kunachak S, Wongwaisayawan S, Leelaudomlipi P. Noninvasive treatment of bromidrosis by frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2000 May-Jun. 24(3):198-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  27. Lee KG, Kim SA, Yi SM, Kim JH, Kim IH. Subdermal Coagulation Treatment of Axillary Bromhidrosis by 1,444 nm Nd:YAG Laser: A Comparison with Surgical Treatment. Ann Dermatol. 2014 Feb. 26(1):99-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  28. Jung SK, Jang HW, Kim HJ, Lee SG, Lee KG, Kim SY. A Prospective, Long-Term Follow-Up Study of 1,444 nm Nd:YAG Laser: A New Modality for Treating Axillary Bromhidrosis. Ann Dermatol. 2014 Apr. 26(2):184-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  29. Heckmann M, Teichmann B, Pause BM, Plewig G. Amelioration of body odor after intracutaneous axillary injection of botulinum toxin A. Arch Dermatol. 2003 Jan. 139(1):57-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  30. Heckmann M, Kutt S, Dittmar S, Hamm H. Making scents: improvement of olfactory profile after botulinum toxin-A treatment in healthy individuals. Dermatol Surg. 2007 Jan. 33(1 Spec No.):S81-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  31. Lee JB, Kim BS, Kim MB, Oh CK, Jang HS, Kwon KS. A case of foul genital odor treated with botulinum toxin A. Dermatol Surg. 2004 Sep. 30(9):1233-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  32. He J, Wang T, Dong J. A close positive correlation between malodor and sweating as a marker for the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis with Botulinum toxin A. J Dermatolog Treat. 2012 Dec. 23(6):461-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  33. Wang T, Dong J, He J. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin A Treatment in Adolescent Patients with Axillary Bromhidrosis. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2018 Apr. 42 (2):560-564. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  34. He J, Wang T, Dong J. Excision of apocrine glands and axillary superficial fascia as a single entity for the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011 Jun 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  35. Zhao J, Li S, Nabi O, Hu L, Gao X, Luo F. Treatment of axillary bromhidrosis through a mini-incision with subdermal vascular preservation: a retrospective study in 396 patients. Int J Dermatol. 2016 May 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  36. Li Z, Sun C, Zhang J, Qi Y, Hu J. Excision of apocrine glands with preservation of axillary superficial fascia for the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis. Dermatol Surg. 2015 May. 41(5):640-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  37. Battal NM, Hata Y. A classic surgical method for the treatment of axillary osmidrosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997 Aug. 100(2):550-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  38. Born G. Surgical treatment of axillary osmidrosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995 Dec. 96(7):1753. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  39. Fan YM, Wu ZH, Li SF, Chen QX. Axillary osmidrosis treated by partial removal of the skin and subcutaneous tissue en bloc and apocrine gland subcision. Int J Dermatol. 2001 Nov. 40(11):714-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  40. Grazer FM. A noninvasive surgical treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. Clin Dermatol. 1992 Jul-Sep. 10(3):357-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  41. Park DH, Kim TM, Han DG, Ahn KY. A comparative study of the surgical treatment of axillary osmidrosis by instrument, manual, and combined subcutaneous shaving procedures. Ann Plast Surg. 1998 Nov. 41(5):488-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  42. Wang HJ, Cheng TY, Chen TM. Surgical management of axillary bromidrosis--a modified skoog procedure by an axillary bipedicle flap approach. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996 Sep. 98(3):524-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  43. Wu WH, Ma S, Lin JT, Tang YW, Fang RH, Yeh FL. Surgical treatment of axillary osmidrosis: an analysis of 343 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994 Aug. 94(2):288-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  44. He J, Wang T, Dong J. Excision of apocrine glands and axillary superficial fascia as a single entity for the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012 Jun. 26(6):704-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  45. Wang R, Yang J, Sun J. A minimally invasive procedure for axillary osmidrosis: subcutaneous curettage combined with trimming through a small incision. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2015 Feb. 39(1):106-13.

  46. Inaba M, Anthony J, Ezaki T, Mackinstry C. Regeneration of axillary hair and related phenomena after removal of deep dermal and subcutaneous tissue by a special "shaving" technique. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1978 Dec. 4(12):921-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  47. Kim IH, Seo SL, Oh CH. Minimally invasive surgery for axillary osmidrosis: combined operation with CO2 laser and subcutaneous tissue remover. Dermatol Surg. 1999 Nov. 25(11):875-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  48. Lillis PJ, Coleman WP 3rd. Liposuction for treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Clin. 1990 Jul. 8(3):479-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  49. Ou LF, Yan RS, Chen IC, Tang YW. Treatment of axillary bromhidrosis with superficial liposuction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998 Oct. 102(5):1479-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  50. Tung TC. Endoscopic shaver with liposuction for treatment of axillary osmidrosis. Ann Plast Surg. 2001 Apr. 46(4):400-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  51. Seo SH, Jang BS, Oh CK, Kwon KS, Kim MB. Tumescent superficial liposuction with curettage for treatment of axillary bromhidrosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008 Jan. 22(1):30-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  52. Chung S, Yoo WM, Park YG, Shin KS, Park BY. Ultrasonic surgical aspiration with endoscopic confirmation for osmidrosis. Br J Plast Surg. 2000 Apr. 53(3):212-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  53. Hong JP, Shin HW, Yoo SC, et al. Ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty treatment for axillary bromidrosis: clinical experience of 375 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004 Apr 1. 113(4):1264-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  54. Park S. Very superficial ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty for the treatment of axillary osmidrosis. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2000 Jul-Aug. 24(4):275-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  55. He J, Wang T, Zhang Y, Dong J. Surgical treatment of axillary bromhidrosis by combining suction-curettage with subdermal undermining through a miniature incision. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2018 Jun. 71 (6):913-918. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  56. Kao TH, Pan HC, Sun MH, Chang CS, Yang DY, Wang YC. Upper thoracic sympathectomy for axillary osmidrosis or bromidrosis. J Clin Neurosci. 2004 Sep. 11(7):719-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Bromhidrosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology (2024)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Maia Crooks Jr

Last Updated:

Views: 5635

Rating: 4.2 / 5 (43 voted)

Reviews: 90% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Maia Crooks Jr

Birthday: 1997-09-21

Address: 93119 Joseph Street, Peggyfurt, NC 11582

Phone: +2983088926881

Job: Principal Design Liaison

Hobby: Web surfing, Skiing, role-playing games, Sketching, Polo, Sewing, Genealogy

Introduction: My name is Maia Crooks Jr, I am a homely, joyous, shiny, successful, hilarious, thoughtful, joyous person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.