Bibliographies: 'French Academy' – Grafiati (2024)

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The aim of this paper is to outline the career of Vasily Teplov during his time at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, with a special focus on his approach to translation. The first attempts at translating foreign books at the Russian Academy of Sciences were undertaken shortly after its foundation, and the number of translated books increased significantly in a short period of time. Because there were so few translators at the Academy, issues relating to the environment in which their training was carried out deserve special attention. Our focus on Teplov is motivated by the fact that he prepared a translation of the New French Grammar, the first Russian printed grammar manual of the French language; his translation was published in 1752. The conditions and circ*mstances in which the New French Grammar was prepared are important in establishing translation activities at the Academy in the middle of the 18th century. Our study is based on published and unpublished materials stored in the collections of the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. As we do not encounter any references to Teplov in documents from the Academy before the early 1760s, our study of Teplov’s life and activity does not purport to be complete—indeed, it proposes further research in this field. We also provide some pieces of information regarding the life and customs of academic society in the middle of the 18th century.

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Few people are familiar with the Dictionary of the French Academy. However, it provides the official French spelling. Each edition introduces words and graphic modifications. Since 2020, a digital portal provides access to 9 editions, to the conjugation tables of 6,200 verbs and to 900 "Dire, ne pas dire" notices from the French Academy. The rectified forms in 1990 were incorporated at various stages. Hypertext links lead to external resources such as the France Terme database, which offers officially recommended scientific and technical terms, and the Base de données lexicographiques panfrancophone (B.D.L.P.), which brings together lexical varieties from twenty Francophone countries. The Dictionary of the Academy and its supplements, with direct and free access, can be consulted on any digital medium (tablet, mobile phone, computer). www.dictionnaire-academie.fr

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Quels sont les modes de réponses les plus adaptés au traitement de l’inattendu et sous contrainte de temps pour maintenir ou renforcer la fiabilité organisationnelle ? Les travaux du courant HRO (High Reliability Organization) et du courant actionniste convergent sur le fait que l’individu constitue une source de fiabilité. Ils divergent néanmoins sur l’importance donnée au respect des règles face aux évènements imprévus. Afin d’analyser les comportements d’adaptation d’individus au sein d’un groupe restreint face à des situations à risques et inattendues sous contrainte de temps, l’attention est portée sur l’étude de situations nautiques vécues par des bâtiments de surface de la Marine nationale. Une première approche qualitative menée auprès d’experts du terrain étudié complétée par une approche quantitative réalisée à partir de 237 situations nautiques font ressortir les configurations à risques à l’origine d’accidents nautiques. Ces informations nous permettent de soumettre des équipes de quart passerelle à des situations à risques, dans le cadre d’une expérimentation, au moyen du simulateur de navigation de l’Ecole navale, école de formation des officiers de la Marine nationale. Les comportements de 96 équipes de quart passerelle, en formation initiale, sur le simulateur de navigation permettent de tester, selon les différentes situations, les réponses associées : improvisation de procédure, recours aux règles avec ou non l’usage de méta règles. Les résultats de l’expérimentation soulignent l’intérêt des méta règles dans le traitement des situations à haut niveau de complexité et nécessitant d’agir rapidement mais aussi les risques d’une improvisation non cadrée
What are the best types of answers given by a 4-member team of the French Navy without expertise in unexpected situations under time pressure in order to maintain or to increase organizational reliability ? HRO researchers agree with Interactionists on the fact that human beings can be considered as a reliability factor. Nevertheless, they disagree on one point: the need to respect the rules or not in unexpected events. A first qualitative study completed by a quantitative one (based on 237 nautical situations), emphasize different types of risk situations, responsible for accidents. Thanks to this data, an experiment based on the behavioral observations of 96 bridge-teams is set up on the simulator of the French Naval Academy, which trains all future officers of the French Navy. The aim of this work is to test different proposals of variables using either improvisation or rules, with or without meta rules. Results show that firstly, thanks to meta rules, the level of reliability is higher in high level complex situations under time pressure and secondly, results underline the risk of an improvised action without guidelines

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French Quarter Festivals, Inc. is a nonprofit organization that annually produces three festivals in the New Orleans area with the intention of promoting the Vieux Carré and the culture of the city. My internship began near the beginning of preparations for the 2015French Quarter Festival and concluded just after the event had passed. While the organization is very successful and French Quarter Festival has grown to be the largest free music festival in the United States, there remains room for improvement and growth within the organization. The following report serves as a case study of the organization and addresses issues that were revealed during both analysis and personal observations. The conclusion of the report includes recommendations intended to aide in the continual success and growth of the organization.

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L'objectif de la thèse était la comparaison entre la représentation sociale de la compétition, de la fraude et celle de la tricherie académique des citoyens hongrois et français. Dans la première étude des hommes d'affaires hongrois ont été soumis à des entretiens sur la compétition : 79% des répondants a mentionné spontanément la malhonnêteté dans ce contexte. Dans l'étude 2, l'objectif était l'exploration de la représentation sociale de la compétition et de la fraude d'étudiants hongrois et français. Les résultats suggèrent une faible superposition entre compétition et fraude dans le cas de deux échantillons éxamines. Concernant le contenu de la représentation sociale de la compétition les hongrois sont plus orientés vers les résultats, alors que les français sont plus orientés vers le dépassem*nt de soi. Dans le cas des hongrois, la tricherie académique est plus fréquemment mentionnée en matière de fraude que chez les français. L'étude 3 utilisant un questionnaire axée sur un analyse concernant la malhonnêteté académique montre que les étudiants hongrois signalent un taux de tricherie plus élevé et trouvent la tricherie plus acceptable que leurs pairs français. Dans la dernière étude, l'objectif était de créer une expérience permettant d'observer les effets des représentations sociales de la compétition et de la fraude au niveau comportemental. Les résultats n'ont pas confirmé que les étudiants hongrois trichaient plus que les étudiants français. Concernant les français, le seul prédicteur était le cercle de connaissances préalables tandis que dans le groupe des hongrois, la compétition ouverte était le prédicteur de la tricherie
The goal of the thesis was a comparison between hungarian and french citizens' social representation Of competition and fraud. In the first study hungarian businessmen were interviewed regarding Competition. The results showed that 79% of them mentioned spontaneously dishonesty during the Interviews. In the next study, the goal was the exploration of hungarian and french students' social Representation of competition and fraud. The results showed weak overlap between the two Representations concerning both examined samples. However, in the case of the content of the Representation of competition hungarians were more result-oriented, whereas french were oriented oward self-improvement. Moreover, hungarians' representations were more diverse and less organized than french' ones. In the case of fraud, hungarians mentioned more frequently academic cheating, than their french peers. Therefore, the following study concentrated more on cultural differences concerning academic cheating. The results suggest that hungarians reported a higher cheating rate, than french students. In the final study, cheating-related behavioral differences were examined in competitive situations. The results did not show that hungarians cheated more than french students. However, cultural differences were revealed: in the case of french students, previous acquaintanceship predicted cheating, whlle among hungarians it was open-competitive situation that predicted cheating behavior. The results were explained by taking into consideration the theory of social representations and previous researches in the field of competition and academic cheating

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science

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This quasi-experimental study examined the impact of interactions with native French language Facebook posts on beginning French language learners' willingness to communicate (WTC) and their attitudes towards the target language and culture in a university setting. In addition, the degree of interaction, by participants, with the French language Facebook posts was recorded and analyzed. This study was conducted during the Spring 2013 semester at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida. Participants in this study were recruited from two sections of FRE 1120, Elementary French Language and Civilization I. Native French language Facebook posts were “pushed” to participants' personal Facebook News Feeds over the course of four weeks, with posts pushed on weekdays only and Facebook polls asking for participant feedback on Fridays. Two instruments were used in this study to obtain participants' demographic information and to measure willingness to communicate as well attitudes towards the target language and culture. In addition, the researcher gathered observational data directly from Facebook. Data were analyzed using a Split-plot ANOVA and descriptive statistics. A total of 26 participants completed the study, with 14 participants in the control group and 12 participants in the treatment group. Both sections of FRE 1120 were conducted in a traditional, face-to-face format and were taught by the same instructor. Results indicated that participants' willingness to communicate in French and their attitudes towards the target language and culture were not significantly impacted by interaction with native French language Facebook posts. The level of Facebook-facilitated interactions in all areas, including “Liking,” Sharing,” and “Commenting” was low. Self-reported interactions, including reading, viewing and translating of French language Facebook posts; Reading and viewing posts (such as simply viewing a photo) was the most frequently reported interaction, with “Commenting” and “Sharing” was the least common interaction. Opportunities for future research are numerous and include increasing the size of the sample, increasing the length of the study, and selected participants' who are more advanced in their mastery of the target language. The potential of social network sites to serve as digitally immersive environments for foreign language learners should be explored in more depth and across various languages.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Dean's Office, Education
Education and Human Performance
Education; Instructional Technology

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Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is often used as a replacement of virgin aggregate in road foundations (base course), embankments, hot-mix asphalt, and Portland cement concrete. However, the use of RCA in exfiltration drainage systems, such as French drains, is currently prohibited in many states of the U.S. The French drain system collects water runoff from the road pavement and transfers to slotted pipes underground and then filters through coarse aggregate and geotextile. The primary concerns with using RCA as a drainage media are the fines content and the precipitation of calcium carbonate to cause a reducing in filter fabric permittivity. Additional concerns include the potential for rehydration of RCA fines. The performance of RCA as drainage material has not been evaluated by many researchers and the limited information limits its use. A literature review has been conducted on the available information related to RCA as drainage material. A survey was issued to the Departments of Transportation across the nation in regards to using RCA particularly in French drains. Some state highway agencies have reported the use of RCA as base course; however, no state reports the use of RCA in exfiltration drainage systems. This thesis describes the investigations on the performance of RCA as backfill material in French drains. RCA was tested for its physical properties including, specific gravity, unit weight, percent voids, absorption, and abrasion resistance. RCA cleaning/washing methods were also applied to evaluate the fines removal processes. The potential for RCA rehydration was evaluated by means of heat of hydration, pH, compressive strength, and setting time. The permeability of RCA was tested using the No. 4 gradation. Long term permeability testing was conducted to evaluate the tendency for geotextile clogging from RCA fines. Calcium carbonate precipitation was also evaluated and a procedure to accelerate the precipitation process was developed. The results show that RCA has a high abrasion value, that is, it is very susceptible to break down from abrasion during aggregate handling such as transportation, stockpiling, or placing. The most effective cleaning method was found to be pressure washing with agitation. RCA has not demonstrated the tendency to rehydrate and harden when mixed with water. The permeability test results show that the No. 4 gradation does not restrict the flow of water; the flow rate is highly dependent on the hydraulic system itself, however excessive fines can cause large reductions in permeability over time. It has been determined that No. 4 gradation of RCA can provide a suitable drainage media providing the RCA is properly treated before its use.
M.S.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering; Structures and Geotechnical Engineering

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International University of Grand-Bassam (IUGB) first opened its doors in Cote d'Ivoire, in a sociocultural context where a significant number of freshmen students were French speakers. Because the instructional language was English, students were faced with a language barrier that triggered more issues including difficulties in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The purpose of this study was to uncover French speaking students' challenges in academic literacy at IUGB and to suggest some solutions that would benefit students and instructors. The research questions focused on faculty members' perceptions of French speaking students' challenges in academic literacy, and their suggestions for improving student proficiency in English at IUGB. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning, as well as Cummins's theory of language acquisition framed the conceptual foundation of this study. A qualitative case study research design was used with data gathered from 8 classroom observations, 8 individual interviews, and 1 focus group discussion. Participants were instructors selected from all 3 schools of the university. Data analysis included open coding and data triangulation. Major findings included students' lack of proficiency in English that negatively affected the beginning of their tertiary education. As a response, faculty members used a variety of instructional strategies to support their students. They also called for administrative authorities to help create an environment more conducive to student proficiency. A project was developed suggesting ways to overcome French speaking students' challenges in academic literacy at IUGB. Implementation of these suggested changes could result in significant improvements in student learning at IUGB and benefit both students and faculty.

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A very special effervescence in terms of artistic life animated the City of Cluj at the beginning of the 20th century. The city’s newly established institutions, after the historical moment of 1918, were increasingly asserting themselves, polarizing culture in its numerous forms and manifestations. This is the context in which the Academy of Music and Dramatic Art of Cluj (currently “Gheorghe Dima” National Academy of Music) was founded by a team of professors, who had been trained at various higher music schools in Western Europe and who implemented the highest standards meant to raise the new school at the level of the other European schools of this kind, in an effort to narrow the historical gap that separated the former from the latter. Among them stand out, due to their special artistic and pedagogical qualities, young pianists returned from Paris, where, within the prestigious École Normale de Musique de Paris, they had been trained by the renowned pianist Alfred Cortot. They were: Ecaterina Fotino-Negru, George Ciolac, Eliza Ciolan, Alexandru Demetriad, Viorica Adelina Radu, Gabriela Ţereanu. Our paper aims at providing a documented image of this significant direction of development, which relied on the artistic and pedagogical knowledge acquired by the Romanian musicians trained in the privileged environment of Paris and who later returned to work at the National Academy of Music in Cluj. We will tackle the subject from several points of view, namely the peregrinatio academica phenomenon, the socio-political background and the founding personalities of the École Normale de Musique de Paris, the pedagogical principles, their reception in Romania, and the evolution and current status of this noble lineage.

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In her book, Jessie Daniels deconstructs whiteness and scrutinizes individuals’ contributions to and relationships with it, making “Nice White Ladies” an excellent work of literature for those who understand that the practice of anti-racism cannot be disentangled from self-work. However much one may already know about the subject matter, Daniels’ confronting, academic, and personal approach will surely provide her readers with fresh insights.

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In her book, Jessie Daniels deconstructs whiteness and scrutinizes individuals’ contributions to and relationships with it, making “Nice White Ladies” an excellent work of literature for those who understand that the practice of anti-racism cannot be disentangled from self-work. However much one may already know about the subject matter, Daniels’ confronting, academic, and personal approach will surely provide her readers with fresh insights.

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Con el presente trabajo se busca analizar la oferta académica presentada por las instituciones de educación superior presentes en el sur del departamento de Sucre en la región caribe colombiana, contrastándola con el potencial productivo y la vocación de sus habitantes para saber que tanto aporta dicha oferta al desarrollo a partir de su labor como actores importantes y activos dentro del departamento, de esta manera, se puede identificar cuáles con las necesidades académicas que se requiere suplir para desarrollar el potencial productivo de la región. La investigación consta de tres objetivos específicos que permiten saber que tan engranada esta la academia con el desarrollo productivo de la región, se desarrolla a través de la revisión de fuentes secundarias para obtener la información relevante para el estudio y por medio de fuentes primarias a través de entrevista a expertos de la zona para obtener información de primera mano que permita conocer la satisfacción y expectativa de sus habitantes.

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This rapid review provides a summary of the evidence on the taxation and public financial management of mining revenues in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This is a very complex topic, with a large and growing literature base, a huge interest by donors, non-governmental organisations and businesses, with some conflicting information at times. In particular, specific data on provincial budgets and spending was not identified during this review. No specific information on public financial management in either of these provinces was identified during the course of this review. Given the burgeoning size of the literature base and the complexity of the mining sector in the DRC, this rapid review only provides a snapshot of the literature. It draws on academic, grey and donor literature sources. Some papers for further reading are highlighted. The report first provides a brief background discussion of general taxation in the DRC, the decentralisation process, and provincial public revenue management. The next section provides general information on the mining sector in the DRC, including the regulatory system and official duties, royalties and tax provisions. Section 4 goes into more detail about taxation and rent-seeking in the mining sector, touching on both large-scale mining (LSM) and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). The next section looks at smuggling of minerals in the DRC, with a focus on gold. Finally, some specific lessons learned were drawn from two World Bank projects and highlighted in the final section. Lessons and experiences from other mining-related projects are also highlighted throughout the report. Literature in French was not included in this rapid review, which may mean that some key documents were omitted.

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La emergencia de nuevos escenarios sociales, como el de la familia “multiespecie” (en la que hacen parte los animales de compañía), urge a la disciplina del Derecho a reflexionar sobre temas fundamentales como lo son el sujeto/objeto de derechos, los derechos/deberes con animales no humanos, entre otros similares. Por esta razón, esta cartilla pedagógica busca proponer conceptos importantes que sirvan de base para el conocimiento y la formulación de un marco normativo de la eutanasia en Colombia, adecuado al ejercicio efectivo y la garantía del derecho a morir dignamente, tanto en relación con los seres humanos, como en relación con los animales no humanos, dando un nuevo alcance al fenómeno de la eutanasia. Aunque la eutanasia en animales no es un fenómeno nuevo, tanto que ni siquiera hay conciencia de cuándo se viene practicando, solo de manera reciente se ha abordado desde la teoría, lo cual ha permitido diferenciarlo y delimitarlo frente a otros fenómenos, como el maltrato o el sacrificio animales. Lo anterior es de utilidad no solo para la academia y los creadores de leyes y políticas públicas, sino para la sociedad en general, toda vez que sirve para educar y generar conciencia creciente sobre un tema que adquiere cada vez mayor relevancia.

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In the article investigational three magazines which went out after Second World war in Germany and Austria in the environment of the Ukrainian emigrants, is «Theater» (edition of association of artists of the Ukrainian stage), «Student flag» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Young friends» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth). The thematic structure of magazines, which is inferior the association of different on age, is considered, by vital experience and professional orientation of people in the conditions of the forced emigration, paid regard to graphic registration of magazines, which, without regard to absence of the proper publisher-polydiene bases, marked structuralness and expressiveness. A repertoire of periodicals of Ukrainian migration is in the American, English and French areas of occupation of Germany and Austria after Second world war, which consists of 200 names, strikes the tipologichnoy vseokhopnistyu and testifies to the high intellectual level of the moved persons, desire of yaknaynovishe, to realize the considerable potential in new terms with hope on transference of the purchased experience to Ukraine. On ruins of Europe for two-three years the network of the press, which could be proud of the European state is separately taken, is created. Different was a period of their appearance: from odnogo-dvokh there are to a few hundred numbers, that it is related to intensive migration of Ukrainians to the USA, Canada, countries of South America, Australia. But indisputable is a fact of forming of conceptions of newspapers and magazines, which it follows to study, doslidzhuvati and adjust them to present Ukrainian realities. Here not superfluous will be an example of a few editions on the thematic range of which the names – «Plastun» specify, «Skob», «Mali druzi», «Sonechko», «Yunackiy shliah», «Iyzhak», «Lys Mykyta» (satire, humour), «Literaturna gazeta», «Ukraina і svit», «Ridne slovo», «Hrystyianskyi shliah», «Golos derzhavnyka», «Ukrainskyi samostiynyk», «Gart», «Zmag» (sport), «Litopys politviaznia», «Ukrains’ka shkola», «Torgivlia i promysel», «Gospodars’ko-kooperatyvne zhyttia», «Ukrainskyi gospodar», «Ukrainskyi esperantist», «Radiotehnik», «Politviazen’», «Ukrainskyi selianyn» Considering three riznovektorni magazines «Teatr» (edition of Association Mistciv the Ukrainian Stage), «Studentskyi prapor» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Yuni druzi» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth) assert that maintenance all three magazines directed on creation of different on age and by the professional orientation of national associations for achievement of the unique purpose – cherishing and maintainance of environments of ukrainstva, identity, in the conditions of strange land. Without regard to unfavorable publisher-polydiene possibilities, absence of financial support and proper encouragement, release, followed the intensive necessity of concentration of efforts for achievement of primary purpose – receipt and re-erecting of the Ukrainian State.

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) consistently scores in the lowest rungs of global indexes on corruption, integrity and wider governance standards. Indeed, corruption of different sorts pervades public and corporate life, with strong ramifications for human development. Although the DRC is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources, its people are among the globe’s poorest.Corruption in the extractive industries (minerals and oil) is particularly problematic in terms of scale and its centrality to a political economy that maintains elites and preserves the highly inequitable outcomes for the majority. The politico-economic elites of the DRC, such as former President Joseph Kabila, are reportedly significant perpetrators but multinationals seeking valuable minerals or offering financial services are also allegedly deeply involved. Corruption is therefore a problem with national and international roots.Despite national and international initiatives, levels of corruption have proven very stubborn for at least the last 20 years, for various reasons. It is a structural and not just a legal issue. It is deeply entrenched in the country’s political economy and is driven both by domestic clientelism and the fact that multinationals buy into corrupt deals. This rapid review therefore seeks to find out the Corruption challenges and responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Grand level corruption shades down into the meso-level, where for instance, mineral laden trucks are systematically under-weighted with the collusion of state officials. With severe shortfalls in public funding, certain public services, such as education, are supported by informal payments. Other instances of petty corruption facilitate daily access to goods and services. At this level, there are arguments against counting such practices as forms of corruption and instead as necessary survival practices.To address the challenge of corruption, the DRC is equipped with a legal system that is of mixed strengths and an institutional arsenal that has made limited progress. International programming in integrity and anti-corruption represents a significant proportion of support to the DRC but much less than humanitarian and governance sectors. The leading international partners in this regard are the EU, US, UNDP, UK, African Development Bank, Germany and Sweden. These partners conduct integrity programming in general governance issues, as well as in the mineral and forest sectors.The sources used in this rapid review are gender blind and converge on a very negative picture The literature ranges from the academic and practitioner to the journalistic and investigative, and taken as a whole, is of good quality, drawing on different types of evidence including perceptions and qualitative in-country research. The sources are mostly in English with two in French.

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Biochar is produced by heating biomass in the total or partial absence of oxygen. This report addresses the long-term persistence of biochar in soil and how this can be managed in climate calculations and reporting. The report consists of this summary and four chapters, which can be read independently. Different terms have been used to describe the durability of biochar carbon storage, but also the physical presence of biochar in soils, e.g. persistence, permanence, recalcitrance, residence times, stability. Today, the term “durability of carbon storage” is preferred in policy contexts, but various academic disciplines such as soil science have other established terms like “persistence”. Here, both durability and persistence are used, rather interchangeably. It is important to be aware of differences in meaning that exist between disciplines. The purpose of this report is to present the state of knowledge regarding the proportion of carbon in biochar that remains in the soil over time and provide recommendations for calculating this. There is a need to calculate the persistence of biochar in soil for national climate reporting, corporate climate reporting, carbon credit trading, and life cycle assessments for various purposes. On the persistence of biochar The amount of biochar remaining after a certain time depends on the properties of the biochar and the environment in which it is located. Nearly all research on biochar persistence has focused on its application in agricultural soils. The main reason for the high durability of biochar carbon storage is the formation of fused aromatic stable structures during biomass pyrolysis. A high degree of fused aromatic structures makes biochar much less prone to microbial decomposition than fresh biomass. Different biochars have different properties, and this influences how long they persist in the soil. To achieve biochar with properties that provide higher persistence, it should be produced at higher temperatures for a sufficient duration. Measuring and calculating biochar persistence Established quantification methods of 100-year biochar persistence (e.g. referenced in IPCC inventory guidelines and used in voluntary carbon markets, to date) extrapolate short-term soil decomposition processes, and do not fully consider the processes that may explain millennial persistence. Calculations regarding biochar persistence have traditionally used a time span of 100 years to describe the amount of remaining carbon after a certain time. The use of specifically 100 years lacks a well founded scientific reason, but has been regarded as “far enough” into the future from a climate perspective and close enough for modelling to be meaningful. An active area of research relevant for the understanding biochar carbon storage durability is the development of advanced analytical characterisation methods of biochar that will enable measurement of the physicochemical heterogeneity in carbon structures present in biochar. Another area of continued research is biochar incubation, with a focus on field conditions, to elucidate both differences from laboratory conditions, and how transport processes affect biochar in the field. Recommendation and conclusion In the project, available research data has been aggregated into a functional model that calculates how much of the carbon in biochar remains after a given number of years. The model is based on the H/C ratio of the biochar placed in the soil and the annual average temperature at the location. The model is made freely accessible to provide biochar market actors with the best available knowledge for estimating the durability of biochar carbon. Existing research results provide a sufficient foundation for estimation of the amount of biochar expected to remain over time. Future research results are expected to lead to increased knowledge regarding the decomposition properties of biochar, in particular biochars with a very low H/C ratio. Therefore, this recommendation will be revised by the end of the project in 2025.