Magnesium (2024)

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Summary

Magnesium is a medication used for many purposes including constipation, indigestion, magnesium deficiency, and pre-eclampsia.

Brand Names

Vitafol-one

Generic Name

Magnesium

DrugBank Accession Number

DB14513

Background

Magnesium is classified as an alkaline earth metal and has 2 hydration shells.¹ The element can be found in abundance in the hydrosphere and in mineral salts such as dolomite and magnesium carbonate.¹

Common dietary sources of magnesium include nuts (cashews, peanuts, almonds), beans, bananas, apples, carrots, broccoli, and leafy greens.^8,11 Magnesium is an important enzyme cofactor and is essential to several metabolic processes.³ Further, the mineral helps regulate blood pressure and is necessary for RNA, DNA and protein synthesis among several other functions.³

Despite the importance of magnesium and its availability via several food sources, an estimated 56 to 68% of adults who live in developed, western countries do not meet the recommended daily intake (RDI) of magnesium.⁵ Several factors and common behaviours reduce the availability of magnesium in the diet such as food processing and cooking vegetables (which are normally a rich source of magnesium).⁵

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved, Experimental, Investigational

Structure

MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI

Similar Structures

Structure for Magnesium (DB14513)

Weight

Average: 26.321
Monoisotopic: 26.00069176

Chemical Formula

H₂Mg

Synonyms

• Magnesio
• Magnésium
• Magnesium metallicum
• Magnesium powder
• Mg

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Pharmacology

Indication

Healthy levels of magnesium can be achieved through a well balanced diet, but if food sources are insufficient, magnesium supplements can be used to prevent and treat magnesium deficiencies.¹¹

In medicine, various magnesium salts may be used in laxative and antacid products.¹ For example, magnesium citrate is available over-the-counter and may be used to manage occasional constipation.⁹ Magnesium sulfate may be used on its own or with total parenteral nutrition to treat hypomagnesemia.¹⁰ Magnesium sulfate is also indicated to prevent seizures in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia, and to manage seizures associated with eclampsia.^4,10

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Associated Conditions

Indication Type	Indication	Combined Product Details	Approval Level	Age Group	Patient Characteristics	Dose Form
Used in combination to treat	Calcium deficiency	Combination Product in combination with: Calcium (DB01373)	••• •••
Used in combination to prevent	Magnesium deficiency	Combination Product in combination with: Zinc (DB01593)	••••••••••••
Used in combination to treat	Magnesium deficiency	Combination Product in combination with: Zinc (DB01593)	••••••••••••
Used in combination to treat	Magnesium deficiency	Combination Product in combination with: Calcium (DB01373)	••• •••
Treatment of	Magnesium deficiency		••• •••

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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See Also

Magnesium Hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) - Structure, Properties, Molecular Weight & Uses

Learn more

Pharmacodynamics

Magnesium is important for many biochemical processes and is therefore quite common in humans.⁵ The majority of magnesium is stored in the bones (>50%), while the remainder is stored in muscle, soft tissue, red blood cells and serum.¹ This is functionally important since the bones behave as a magnesium exchange reservoir and help maintain healthy levels of magnesium.¹

Magnesium plays an important role in the regulation of several bodily processes including blood pressure, insulin metabolism, muscular contraction, vasomotor tone, cardiac excitability, nerve transmission and neuromuscular conduction.³ Disruptions in homeostatic levels of magnesium (often times hypomagnesemia) can impact the nervous system, muscles, or can lead to cardiac abnormalities.³

Mechanism of action

Magnesium is a cofactor for at least 300 enzymes and is important for several functions in the body with some key processes identified below.³ Enzymes that rely on magnesium to operate help produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and ATP metabolism.⁵ They are also involved in nerve function, muscle contraction, blood glucose control, hormone receptor binding, protein synthesis, cardiac excitability, blood pressure control, gating of calcium channels and transmembrane ion flux.⁵

The mitochondrial intracellular space is rich in magnesium, since it is required to produce the active form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate, and behaves as a counter ion for the energy rich molecule.^1,5 Additionally, magnesium is essential for ATP metabolism.³

Absorption

Approximately 24-76% of ingested magnesium is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily via passive paracellular absorption in the small intestine.³

Volume of distribution

According to a pharmaco*kinetic review, the volume of distribution of magnesium sulphate when used to manage patients with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia ranged from 13.65 to 49.00 L.⁴

Protein binding

20% of the magnesium found in human serum is protein bound.⁷ Approximately 60-70% of this fraction is bound to albumin while the remainder is bound to globulin proteins.⁷ Magnesium has the ability to bind to 3751 human proteins.⁶

Metabolism

Magnesium does not appear to be metabolized.⁷

Route of elimination

The majority of magnesium is excreted renally.^3,10

Half-life

Magnesiums biologic half-life is reported to be approximately 1000 hours or 42 days.⁵

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

The recommended dietary allowance of magnesium ranges from 30 mg for infants to 420 mg for males between the age of 31 and 50.¹¹ According to the institute of Medicine (IOM), the majority of adults can tolerate 350 mg of magnesium per day without experiencing adverse effects.⁵ Symptoms of magnesium toxicity include diarrhea and other gastrointestinal effects, thirst, muscle weakness, drowsiness, severe back and pelvic pain, hypotension, dizziness, confusion, difficulty breathing, lethargy, and deterioration of kidney function.^3,5 Other more severe symptoms associated with magnesium overdose include loss of consciousness, respiratory arrest, cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest.⁵

Regular use of laxatives containing magnesium may lead to severe and even fatal hypermagnesemia.²

Discontinuation of magnesium products including supplements, laxatives, and antacids is usually sufficient to manage mild cases of magnesium overdose; however, patients should also be screened for renal impairment.⁵

In severe cases of magnesium overdose, patients may require supportive care and interventions including intravenous fluids and furosemide, IV calcium chloride or calcium gluconate, renal dialysis and artificial respiratory support.⁵

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

• Approved
• Vet approved
• Nutraceutical
• Illicit
• Withdrawn
• Investigational
• Experimental
• All Drugs

Drug	Interaction
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Abatacept	The serum concentration of Magnesium can be decreased when it is combined with Abatacept.
Acetazolamide	The serum concentration of Magnesium can be decreased when it is combined with Acetazolamide.
Acetyl sulfisoxazole	The serum concentration of Magnesium can be decreased when it is combined with Acetyl sulfisoxazole.
Aclidinium	The therapeutic efficacy of Magnesium can be decreased when used in combination with Aclidinium.
Adalimumab	The serum concentration of Magnesium can be decreased when it is combined with Adalimumab.

Food Interactions

• Take with or without food. Taking magnesium supplements with food may reduce the risk of diarrhea.

Products

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Active Moieties

Name	Kind	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Magnesium oxide	unknown	3A3U0GI71G	1309-48-4	AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Magnesium cation	ionic	T6V3LHY838	22537-22-0	JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Over the Counter Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Acti Mag 250 Caplet	Tablet	250 mg	Oral	Acti Form Ltd.	1991-12-31	2005-03-21
Bye Zero	Powder	4.95 g/500g	Topical	Korea Life Science	2020-10-06	Not applicable
Bye Zero	Liquid	4.95 g/500mL	Topical	Korea Life Science	2020-10-06	Not applicable
Chelated Magnesium 150mg - Tab	Tablet	150 mg / tab	Oral	Health Wise Nutrition Inc.	1997-08-15	2000-07-29
Chelated Magnesium Supplement - Tab 100mg	Tablet	100 mg	Oral	Albion	1996-09-06	2007-10-19

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
24 Multivitamins + Minerals	Magnesium (65 mg) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Calcium (130 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Manganese cation (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Vitamin E (50 unit) + Zinc (10 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Stanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc.	1997-04-30	2002-07-31
50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & Minerals	Magnesium (100 mg) + Ascorbic acid (90 mg) + Biotin (45 mcg) + Calcium (200 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Chromium (10 mcg) + Copper (2 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Folic acid (0.4 mg) + Manganese cation (5 mg) + Molybdenum (25 mcg) + Nicotinamide (40 mg) + Pantothenic acid (10 mg) + Potassium Iodide (0.15 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (3 mg) + Riboflavin (3.2 mg) + Selenium (25 mcg) + Thiamine mononitrate (2.25 mg) + Vanadium (10 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (6000 unit) + Zinc (15 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Gfr Pharma Ltd.	2002-10-20	2004-06-15
Acetabolan III Vitamin and Mineral Supplement	Magnesium (112.5 mg) + Ascorbic acid (250.0 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.63 mg) + Zinc (7.5 mg)	Capsule	Oral	Iovate Health Sciences International Inc.	2003-12-05	2007-07-18
Acetabolan-II Vitamin and Mineral Supplement	Magnesium (90 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.1 mg) + Zinc (6 mg)	Capsule	Oral	Iovate Health Sciences International Inc.	2000-11-20	2005-06-21
Acti-cal/mag 2:1 + Zinc and D Caplet	Magnesium (175.0 mg) + Calcium (350.0 mg) + Cholecalciferol (100 unit) + Zinc (6.0 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Acti Form Ltd.	1991-12-31	2005-03-21

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Bye Zero	Magnesium (4.95 g/500g)	Powder	Topical	Korea Life Science	2020-10-06	Not applicable
Bye Zero	Magnesium (4.95 g/500mL)	Liquid	Topical	Korea Life Science	2020-10-06	Not applicable
C-Nate DHA	Magnesium (30 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (1 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (15 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (28 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (200 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (3 mg/1) + Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1)	Capsule, gelatin coated	Oral	Centurion Labs, LLC	2013-01-01	Not applicable
Calcium Folic Acid Plus D Chewable	Magnesium (50 mg/1) + Boron (250 ug/1) + Calcium carbonate (1342 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (300 [iU]/1) + Cyanocobalamin (125 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Pyridoxine (10 mg/1)	Wafer	Oral	Acella Pharmaceuticals, LLC	2009-03-20	2022-08-02
Cavan-EC SOD DHA	Magnesium (25 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (130 mg/1) + Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Calcium (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (410 [iU]/1) + Copper (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (440 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (28 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (30 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Vitamin E (30 mg/1) + Zinc (26 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Seton Pharmaceuticals	2010-01-10	2014-07-15

Categories

Drug Categories

• Elements
• Laxatives
• Magnesium Compounds
• Metal cations
• Metal divalent cations
• Metals
• Metals, Alkaline Earth
• Metals, Light
• Minerals

Classification

Not classified

Affected organisms

Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII

I38ZP9992A

CAS number

7439-95-4

InChI Key

RSHAOIXHUHAZPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/Mg.2H

IUPAC Name

magnesium dihydride

SMILES

[MgH2]

References

General References

1. Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M: Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J. 2012 Feb;5(Suppl 1):i3-i14. doi: 10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163. [Article]
2. Bokhari SR, Siriki R, Teran FJ, Batuman V: Fatal Hypermagnesemia Due to Laxative Use. Am J Med Sci. 2018 Apr;355(4):390-395. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.08.013. Epub 2017 Sep 12. [Article]
3. Grober U, Schmidt J, Kisters K: Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy. Nutrients. 2015 Sep 23;7(9):8199-226. doi: 10.3390/nu7095388. [Article]
4. Okusanya BO, Oladapo OT, Long Q, Lumbiganon P, Carroli G, Qureshi Z, Duley L, Souza JP, Gulmezoglu AM: Clinical pharmaco*kinetic properties of magnesium sulphate in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. BJOG. 2016 Feb;123(3):356-66. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13753. Epub 2015 Nov 24. [Article]
5. Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ: The Importance of Magnesium in Clinical Healthcare. Scientifica (Cairo). 2017;2017:4179326. doi: 10.1155/2017/4179326. Epub 2017 Sep 28. [Article]
6. Piovesan D, Profiti G, Martelli PL, Casadio R: The human "magnesome": detecting magnesium binding sites on human proteins. BMC Bioinformatics. 2012;13 Suppl 14:S10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-S14-S10. Epub 2012 Sep 7. [Article]
7. Swaminathan R: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66. [Article]
8. Allen MJ, Sharma S: Magnesium . [Article]
9. Citroma Magnesium Citrate DailyMed label [Link]
10. Magnesium Sulfate Injection, USP 50% [Link]
11. NIH document, Magnesium [Link]

External Links

ChemSpider

16787263

RxNav

6574

ChEMBL

CHEMBL2146125

Wikipedia

Magnesium

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Completed	Prevention	Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Cerebral Ischemia / Intracranial Hemorrhages / Periventricular Leukomalacia / Premature Births	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Alcohol-Induced Disorders	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Migraine	1
4	Recruiting	Other	Magnesium Deficiency / New-onset Atrial Fibrillation (NOAF)	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Tablet	Oral	250 mg
Tablet, film coated	Oral
Tablet, effervescent	Oral	10 mmol/1
Tablet, effervescent	Oral	15 mmol/1
Lozenge	Oral
Powder, for solution	Oral
Powder, for suspension	Oral
Granule, effervescent	Oral
Powder	Topical	4.95 g/500g
Wafer	Oral
Tablet	Oral	150 mg / tab
Tablet	Oral	125 mg
Tablet	Oral	50 mg / tab
Granule, for solution	Oral
Tablet
Capsule
Capsule, gelatin coated; kit; tablet	Oral
Powder	Parenteral	243 MG
Powder; powder, for solution; powder, for suspension	Oral	300 MG
Powder	Oral	10 mmol
Tablet, film coated	Oral	2.5 mmol
Granule	Oral	5 mmol
Tablet, chewable	Oral
Tablet, delayed release	Oral
Tablet	Oral
Tablet, effervescent	Oral
Capsule	Oral
Injection, solution	Parenteral	58.62 mg/10mL
Injection, solution	Parenteral	29.31 mg/5mL
Granule	Oral	500 mg
Tablet	Oral	32.8 mg
Tablet	Oral	48.61 mg
Powder, for solution	Oral	10 mmol
Tablet, film coated	Oral	60.76 mg
Powder, for solution	Oral	5 mmol
Powder	Parenteral	121.525 mg/5g
Tablet, effervescent	Oral	7.5 mmol
Tablet, effervescent	Oral	182.29 mg
Powder	Parenteral	243.05 mg/4g
Injection, solution	Parenteral	72.92 mg/10mL
Tablet, film coated	Oral	364.625 mg/5g
Capsule	Oral	100 mg
Tablet	Oral	100 mg
Granule, for solution	Oral	121.5 mg/5g
Tablet, effervescent	Oral	243 MG
Capsule	Oral	72.5 mg / cap
Capsule	Oral	125 mg
Capsule	Oral	150 mg
Granule	Oral	400 mg
Lozenge	Oral	98.6 mg
Tablet, effervescent	Oral	121.525 mg
Injection, solution	Parenteral	76.78 mg/10mL
Tablet, delayed release	Oral	40 mg
Suspension	Oral	243.04 mg/10g
Capsule	Oral	243 MG
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	150 mg/ml
Solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Tablet	Oral	100 mg / tab
Capsule	Oral	245 MG
Tablet, soluble	Oral	365 mg
Capsule	Oral	20 mg / cap
Tablet, chewable	Oral	121.5 mg
Liquid	Topical	4.95 g/500mL
Kit	Oral
Liquid	Oral
Plaster	Topical	3 g/100g
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous
Emulsion	Intravenous
Solution	Intraperitoneal
Liquid	Oral	10.24 mg / mL
Tablet	Oral	188 mg / tab
Tablet	Oral	375 mg / tab
Capsule, coated	Oral
Capsule	Oral
Tablet	Oral
Capsule, gelatin coated	Oral
Tablet, coated	Oral
Tablet, extended release	Oral
Powder, for solution	Oral
Solution	Intravenous
Capsule, liquid filled; kit	Oral
Capsule, liquid filled	Oral
Capsule; kit; tablet, coated	Oral
Powder	Oral

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Not Available

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	651 °C	https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Magnesium#section=Melting-Point
boiling point (°C)	1100 °C	https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Magnesium#section=Odor
water solubility	insoluble in cold water	https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Magnesium#section=Solubility

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	-1.4	Chemaxon
Physiological Charge	0	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å2	Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	Chemaxon
Refractivity	1.6 m3·mol-1	Chemaxon
Polarizability	3.27 Å3	Chemaxon
Number of Rings	0	Chemaxon
Bioavailability	1	Chemaxon
Rule of Five	Yes	Chemaxon
Ghose Filter	No	Chemaxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	Chemaxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Not Available

Chromatographic Properties

Collision Cross Sections (CCS)

Not Available

Drug created at July 12, 2018 16:17 / Updated at June 02, 2024 01:08